Classic swine fever: modern prospectives of vaccine prevention

УДК 619:616.988.27:634.4
DOI 10.33861/2071-8020-2024-1-9-14

Akhunova A. R., Galeeva A. G., Efimova M. A., Mingaleev D. N.

Summary. Classic swine fever (CSF) is a particularly dangerous transboundary viral disease of the Suidae family of all breeds and ages, threatening national food security. The spread of the virus occurs along the migration routes of wild boars, passing in close proximity to domestic pigs. It is known that one of the most effective ways to control and eliminate classical swine fever in endemic countries is the use of DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) candidate vaccines, which allow differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals. In this review, we analyzed data on currently available and developing vaccines against classical swine fever. Traditional live attenuated vaccines, used in the Russian Federation for total vaccination of livestock since the 1990s, are effective and safe, but their use is unacceptable under the rules for importing products of animal origin and carries a potential risk of recombination of the vaccine virus with field viruses. A very limited number of DIVA vaccines have been developed commercially (CSFV E2 envelope glycoprotein vaccines, chimeric pestiviruses, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, trans-complementary deletion mutant vaccines). The new generation vaccine should provide high protective efficacy and overcome the problem of antigenic variations, while complying with the DIVA strategy, which, in our opinion, is achievable through a combination of technologies for the recombinant synthesis of specific viral glycoproteins and peptides - activators of T-cell immunity.

Keywords: pig farming, domestic pigs, wild boars, classical swine fever, prevention, vaccines, DIVA strategy, labeled vaccines, recombinant vaccines.

References:

1. Aliper T. I. Iskorenenie klassicheskoy chumy sviney v Rossii reshaemaya zadacha [Eradication of classical swine fever in Russia is a solved problem]. - Agrarian science. - 2019 (1). - pp. 39-41.

2. Shevtsov A. A., Petrova O. N., Remyga S. G. et al. Analiz provedeniya laboratornykh issledovaniy po ryadu virusnykh bolezney sviney na territorii Rossii v 2011-2017 gg. [Analysis of laboratory studies on a number of viral diseases of pigs in Russia in 2011-2017]. - Veterinary Science Today. - 2018 (1 (24). - pp. 42-48.

3. Sergeev V. A., Orlyankin B. G., Alekseev K. P. et al. Vaktsiny i strategiya vaktsinatsii protiv klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Vaccines and vaccination strategy against classical swine fever]. - Veterinariya. - 2018 (4). - pp. 3-11.

4. Verkhovsky O. A. Strategiya DIVA v borbe s infektsionnymi boleznyami sviney (bolezn’ Auyeski, klassicheskaya chuma sviney) [DIVA strategy in the fight against infectious diseases of pigs (Aujeszky disease, classical swine fever)]. - 2022: 48-49.

5. Shemelkov E. V., Verkhovsky O. A., Aliper T. I. et al. Doklinicheskie issledovaniya subyedinichnoy markirovannoy vaktsiny protiv KChS po pokazatelyam bezvrednosti, antigennoy aktivnosti i immunogennosti [Preclinical studies of a subunit labeled vaccine against CSF in terms of harmlessness, antigenic activity and immunogenicity]. - Pig breeding. - 2022 (2). - pp. 20-33.

6. Sergeev V. A., Nepoklonov E. A., Aliper T. I. et al. Zhivaya vaktsina «KS» protiv klassicheskoy chumy sviney i sposob profilaktiki klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Live vaccine ‘KS’ against classical swine fever and a method of prevention of classical swine fever]. - RF Patent No. 2129443.1999.

7. Kalmykova E. M. Ekonomicheskaya effektivnost provedeniya vaktsinatsii protiv klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Economic efficiency of vaccination against classical swine fever]. - NovaInfo. - 2016 (48). - pp. 116-123.

8. Klassicheskaya chuma sviney (Infitsirovanie virusom klassicheskoy chumy sviney) [Classical swine fever (Infection with the classical swine fever virus)]. - 2014.

9. Koritskaya M. A. Immunobiologicheskie svoystva vaktsinnogo shtamma KS virusa klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Immunobiological properties of the vaccine strain of the CS virus of classical swine fever]. - 2005: 138 p.

10. Alekseev K. P., Raev S. A., Yuzhakov A. G. et al. Otsenka immunogennykh svoystv rekombinantnoy subyedinichnoy vaktsiny protiv klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Evaluation of immunogenic properties of recombinant subunit vaccine against classical swine fever]. - 2018 (16). - pp. 293-305.

11. Orlyankin B. G., Sergeev V. A., Aliper T. I. et al. Pestivirusy - vazhnye patogeny dlya sviney [Pestiviruses - important pathogens for pigs]. -Veterinariya. - 2020 (6). - pp. 3-9.

12. Primenenie biotekhnologii pri razrabotke veterinarnykh vaktsin [Application of biotechnology in the development of veterinary vaccines]. - 2010.

13. Alekseev K. P., Raev S. A., Yuzhakov A. G. et al. Razrabotka i ispytaniye obraztsov rekombinantnoy subyedinichnoy vaktsiny protiv klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Development and testing of samples of recombinant subunit vaccine against classical swine fever]. - Agricultural biology. - 2019 (6). - pp. 1236-1246.

14. Surkova A. A., Nikolaeva O. N. Spetsificheskaya profilaktika klassicheskoy chumy sviney (literaturnyy obzor) [Specific prevention of classical swine fever (literary review)]. - 2022.

15. Sanchez Ramos Oliberto et al. Khimernye vaktsinnye antigeny protiv virusa klassicheskoy chumy sviney [Chimeric vaccine antigens against classical swine fever virus]. - RF Patent 2406534.

16. Shevtsov A. A. Klassicheskaya chuma sviney: perspektivy iskoreneniya [Classical swine fever: prospects of eradication]. - Animal husbandry of Russia. -2021 (10). - pp. 27-30.

17. Epizooticheskaya situatsiya po KChS v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Epizootic situation regarding CSF in the Russian Federation]. - https://fsvps.gov.ru/ru/iac/ rf/kchs (accessed: 09/16/2023).

18-60. Vide supra.

Author affiliation:

Galeeva Antonina G., Ph. D. in Veterinary Medicine, senior scientific researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Viral Anthropozoonoses of the Federal Center for toxicological, radiation, and biological safety; Nauchnyy gorodok-2, Kazan, 420075; phone: 8-987-2338616; e-mail: antonina-95@yandex.ru.

Efimova Marina A., D. Sc. in Biology, leading scientific researcher of the Laboratory of Viral Anthropozoonoses of the Federal Center for toxicological, radiation, and biological safety / Kazan state academy of veterinary medicine named after N.E.Bauman; Nauchnyy gorodok-2, Kazan, 420075; phone: 8-905-3770771; e-mail: marina-2004r@mail.ru.

Mingaleev Danil N., D. Sc. in Veterinary Medicine, Acting Director of the Federal Center for toxicological, radiation, and biological safety, docent of the Kazan state academy of veterinary medicine named after N.E.Bauman; Nauchnyy gorodok-2, Kazan, 420075; phone: 8-843-2395320; e-mail: vnivi@mail.ru.

Responsible for correspondence with the editorial board: Akhunova Alsu R., graduate student, junior scientific researcher of the Laboratory of Viral Anthropozoonoses of the Federal Center for toxicological, radiation, and biological safety; Nauchnyy gorodok-2, Kazan, 420075; phone: 8-927-4681865; e-mail: aahunova@inbox.ru.